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Biometrics are the automated recognition of people via distinctive anatomical and behavioral traits. Biometrics are more difficult to forge compared with a physical token such as a bank card or with the knowledge of a secret such as a PIN. And biometrics are easy to use as proof of identity. Laptops and mobile phones that can already recognize a fingerprint. In some countries biometric security is safeguards items such as ATM cards and passports and to ensure that someone is entitled to welfare payments.
Law-enforcement organization has long relied on fingerprints to identify criminals. Fingerprints are also used as part of a background check on people applying for sensitive jobs.
Other physical and behavioral features can be used for biometric identification. For example, ID systems based on such characteristics as the face, hand, voice and iris are also available.
Biometric systems require traits with two basic features: they must be unique for each person, and they must not change significantly with time. One of the advantages of using fingerprints is that the sensors for capturing prints are cheap and small enough to be embedded in consumer products such as laptops, mobile phones and even flash-memory sticks. But compact sensors have higher error rates than larger sensors which are used in law enforcement, because they scan a smaller portion of the finger and the image they record is lower in resolution.
Face recognition is becoming popular as a security feature for computers and mobile phones,because cameras that are becoming components of these devices. ID systems based on face recognition are accurate when the images are captured under controlled conditions but are less so with changes in pose, lighting, expression, age, and accessories such as glasses or a beard.